Trading Up

The recession's here. Let's tax carbon!
Courtesy of Getty Images

The first hundred days of any presidency rarely go off as planned, but, for now, Barack Obama seems to know what's at the top of his to-do list. In late October, he told Time's Joe Klein that "a new energy economy" would "be my number-one priority when I get into office." But then, as if to cut off a lurking objection, Obama quickly tacked on a qualifier: "assuming, obviously, that we have done enough to just stabilize the immediate economic situation." The caveat seemed to nod at a nascent conventional wisdom: Now that the United States is staring down the barrel of a nasty recession, many Washington types wonder if Obama will have to tear up that to-do list and rein in his ambitious climate and energy proposals.

True, not all of Obama's green ideas are controversial: You can't pick up a newspaper op-ed page these days without seeing yet another economist argue that government spending on clean energy and eco-friendly infrastructure could provide the Keynesian boost necessary to haul the economy out of its mire. But the linchpin of Obama's energy platform wasn't new spending; it was an economy- wide cap on carbon-dioxide emissions, in which a decreasing number of tradeable pollution permits would be auctioned off each year, so as to ratchet down greenhouse gases and help avert drastic global warming. Energy experts tend to agree that it's not enough for the government to fund alternative-energy sources; the only way to usher in the "new energy economy" Obama envisions is to make it costlier to burn fossil fuels. But that's the catch: Since Obama's cap-and-trade proposal would essentially act as a tax and increase the price of oil, gas, and coal, he downplayed this aspect of his plan on the trail--and it's the one idea that now looks most vulnerable. As House energy and commerce chair John Dingell recently told The Wall Street Journal, "In times of economic downturns, members [of Congress] are extremely reluctant to add burdens to the economy, and we're going to confront that problem."

The queasiness is understandable. On the surface, it really doesn't sound like a hot idea to impose broad new regulations on a struggling economy. In this case, though, the fear is misguided. Global warming is urgent enough that the next administration will need to go all-out on the issue, passing not just a green stimulus package but especially a cap on carbon. And, not only is the recession a poor excuse to hold back, it may even be all the more reason to act.

 

 

If there's any upside to a recession (and it's hardly much consolation), it's that the accompanying decline in energy use gives us some breathing room to meet long-term emissions targets. (The rough consensus among climate scientists is that the world should aim to cut greenhouse-gas emissions 50 percent below 1990 levels by 2050, a goal that sounded increasingly preposterous in recent years as countries were belching up carbon dioxide at a pace exceeding even the direst forecasts of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.) The downside, however, is that the fall of oil and gas prices is forcing investors to shelve alternative-energy projects: The WilderHill index of clean-tech stocks has tumbled more than 50 percent since September, and even T. Boone Pickens is putting aside his beloved wind farms for now. The main reason the solar and wind industries aren't facing total collapse is government policy: Some 30 states have laws requiring utilities to get a fixed percentage of their electricity from renewable sources by a certain date.

More problematic still, a recession makes it trickier for politicians to contemplate new environmental rules. Conservatives like Oklahoma Senator James Inhofe have been thundering that an emissions cap--or any policy that raises the price of carbon--will be the death blow for an already atrophying economy. Now, climate-change skeptics are always saying that carbon caps will put us in the poorhouse, recession or no. (Last year, when the economy was still chugging along, the Chamber of Commerce aired an anti-cap-and-trade ad showing a family forced to cook breakfast by candlelight and huddle together in bed for warmth.) The question is whether Obama should pay these naysayers more heed during a slump, or whether he should follow the example of European leaders like Nicolas Sarkozy, who, despite the financial crisis, are working to tighten the EU's emissions-trading regime.

As it turns out, a recession isn't a bad time to get started on climate legislation. Even if Congress raced to pass a cap-and-trade bill in 2009, it would take some time--likely a few years--just to set up a complex new regulatory regime. Moreover, as David Wheeler, a climate-policy expert at the Center for Global Development, points out, an economic slump actually offers a prime opportunity to start trading: If Congress sets the initial economy-wide cap at pre-recession levels, then pollution permits will be exceedingly cheap as long as the economy--and hence energy use--is still shrinking. (Indeed, the downturn in Europe has caused the price of carbon to hit rock-bottom levels.) This would give companies time to learn the system and plan for the future without being assailed right away by high prices.

Congress could then use the interim years to go full speed ahead on a green stimulus package. Both Obama and Al Gore have stressed the need for a new electric grid that could link up to faraway wind and solar farms and better manage electricity demand. It's a good idea: According to a new report by the North American Electric Reliability Council, any attempt to make major emissions cuts could put unbearable strain on the grid unless it's revamped. Other programs to boost the energy efficiency of the economy--retrofitting buildings, say, or capturing and using waste heat from factories--are also needed. All these measures would help utilities and businesses make reductions more cheaply once the cap does start clamping down.

Granted, no cap on greenhouse gases will be totally cost-free. But it's important to be clear about what those costs really are. One recent survey of five respected economic models from academic and government groups found that cap-and-trade policies like the Lieberman-Warner bill considered by Congress this summer would shave off about three-hundredths of a percentage point of the country's annual GDP growth. (The size of the U.S. economy, in other words, would reach $26 trillion in April rather than January of 2030.) Jay Apt, a professor at Carnegie Mellon's Electric Industry Center, explains that the bulk of cuts under a cap-and-trade regime would likely come from the country's electric utilities--and he estimates that the electric-power sector could avoid or capture 80 percent of its emissions for about $65-$90 billion per year, on average. That, he notes, is comparable to the cost of compliance at the peak of the original Clean Air Act, which, contrary to doomsday predictions from industry lobbyists, didn't put any noticeable dents in the economy. (The law did, however, help midwife new businesses that sold scrubbers, particulate matter filters, and flue gas desulfurization technologies to the rest of the world.)

Of course, it's one thing to suggest that emissions restrictions won't be half as crippling as opponents claim, but is it possible that cap-and-trade could actually bolster the economy? Perhaps. If, for instance, the revenues raised by auctioning off pollution permits were rebated to consumers, most families could see their incomes rise, according to one University of Massachusetts study. What's more, the certainty that clear rules on carbon are finally on the way could help get private investment flowing again. As Chuck Gray, the executive director of the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, explained, "climate-change legislation is essential no matter what the economic situation," because "it will remove many of the uncertainties that are preventing state regulators, utilities, and others from planning and financing new electricity investments." Venture capitalists have lately been dipping their toes in the clean-tech pool--investing $2.2 billion in more than 200 deals in 2007--but many financiers, as a recent New York Times Magazine story made clear, are still waiting for a more supportive policy framework to emerge. Sounds like cap-and-trade should be at the top of someone's to-do list after all.  

 

COMMENTS (34)

11/26/2008 - 9:55am EDT |

The push for energy independence and reduced carbon emissions can, if handled properly, provide the new administration with an excellent way to fix the economy. A stimulus based on creating jobs is much more effective than one that encourages additional consumption. Overconsumption got us into this mess in the first place. Roosevelt issued "War bonds" to help finance World War 2. Why not issue "Energy bonds" to finance clean energy and energy independence? This would discourage overconsumption and create a supply of capital to kick off this ambitious project in a big way.

I am against auctioning off carbon credits. This favors the big guys to drive the price so high that it forces the little ... view full comment

11/26/2008 - 1:10pm EDT |

I notice at first the concern was Global Warming. But I don't see that anymore, now it's "Climate Change"--and I thought change was good.

Should we really destroy what's left of the world's economy over this?

11/27/2008 - 10:52am EDT |

How is "cap-and-trade" working in Europe? Shouldn't we evaluate this prior to implementing a similar policy in America?

Perhaps we should ask all of the ousted members of the Labour Party how cap and trade impacted their political careers?

11/27/2008 - 11:03am EDT |

This is exactly why our country is collapsing -- worrying about carbon dioxide. How can you not see how insane you sound?

Last year was the coldest winter globally in 100 years. It snowed in Baghdad for the first time in recorded history. Did your "science" predict it? No, global warming wouldn't. So now it's climate change, where anything can happen. No predictions whatsoever.

That is not science. Science is reproducable experiments and predictions that come true.

Last winter was 100% predicted by looking at the low solar activity. Sunspots as a prediction of temperature has been established science for 300+ years.

We are at a 100 year low this year for sunspot activity. This winter wi ... view full comment

11/27/2008 - 11:07am EDT |

I wonder what the excuse will be when years from now "global warming" is shown to be a massive delusion at best.

Will Obama admit to making a massive, costly mistake or will it be justified along the lines of "we were just trying to protect the uh ...."???

Ignoring the rhetoric about abortion, greed, hate, and so on, the real difference between fiscal liberals such as Obama and fiscal conservatives is that the conservatives want to keep their money but the liberals want to take it from them.

11/27/2008 - 11:07am EDT |

This article points out that our economy could very likely fare better under a Cap & Trade regime than otherwise, and it makes sense, because the new green job growth would more than offset the decline in GNP from increased energy costs, especially if introduced in the current low-energy cost environment brought on by the recession.

But there is also another, more significant impact, which is that by addressing the global warming issue we prevent even more serious damage to our economy from the do-nothing approach. The economic damage from raging fires in California, floods in the midwest, hurricanes in the Gulf Coast, beetle-infested forests being decimated, and in the long run, se ... view full comment

11/27/2008 - 11:12am EDT |

The fact that these bozos are even considering implementing a policy that proved to be an absolute disaster in Europe is frightening. While we have plenty of empirical evidence that idiocy like 'cap and trade' will destroy the economy we have no evidence of any kind that carbon emissions cause Global Warming. In fact they've changed the name of this elusive climatary phenomenon to 'Climate Change' because global temperatures have been declining for ten years. I think Obama's so-called 'turn to the right of Pyongyang' will be balanced out by the leftist fanatics in congress going full speed ahead on every jot and tiddle of the total government agenda. This is what we all voted for-- SuperChan ... view full comment

11/27/2008 - 11:42am EDT |

This article is the height of enviro-insanity. There is no LESS pressing problem facing the new president than addressing "global warming", something that is not taking place and will not take place regardless of what humans do. You people are nuts, and you are leading this planet to economic armageddon.

11/27/2008 - 11:45am EDT |

Global warming is a total scam, invented by liberal fascist as one means of controlling the population.

11/27/2008 - 11:51am EDT |

This article is fundamentally flawed. This writer, like many other Global Warming alarmists, predicates his article on the premise that MANMADE Global Warming is FACT. I challenge him, along with every other individual who shares his beliefs, to show me science that supports this theory. Global Warming is taking place, but it is not because of mankind. We can't predict the path of most hurricanes that actually show up on radar -- what makes us think that we can predict how our massive atmosphere absorbs and otherwise processes greenhouse gas emmissions? I'm all for research that is unbiased and truth seeking. However, I am not for knee jerk reactions that cause more harm to the economy ... view full comment

11/27/2008 - 12:08pm EDT |

Global warming, now climate change is a hoax. Al Gore is an idiot, and anyone that buys this bunch of crap is also an idiot. The earth has been warming and cooling naturally for millions of years. It is called a cycle. Why would we now have the power to change this one way or another. In the 70's we needed to take quick action to prevent global cooling. Now it's global warming. Let's make our energy policies based on what is best for the economy, not junk science.

11/27/2008 - 12:46pm EDT |

I see mention of urgency about Global Warming. Evidently the author hasn't noticed that the period of Global Warming ended 10 soon to be 11 years ago. Just as there was a global cooling trend that began in 1945 ending in 1972 so too was there a warming trend that began in 1991 and ended in 1998 and 1998 wasn't even the warmest year in modern times, it was 1934. The global avg temp 1990-1999 was slighly cooler than the 10 years of 1930-1939. The Arctic sea ice loss in 2007 was due to the reversal of the Humboldt Current and Trade Winds as sometimes occurs with a strong La Nina as we had. Arctic Ice this year recovered 134%, it is now at the same levels as 2002 and growing.

The forecasts b ... view full comment

11/27/2008 - 1:32pm EDT |

Having spend forty years in energy engineering, a score of nuclear power plants, two score fossil power plants, I rate this analysis as the dumbest I have ever read, or at least it makes the semi-finals. I know nothing about global warming, but know if experts design and build a power plant that generates electricity for one penny, it is sheer stupidity to claim that hiring millions of workers to build other types that will cost a dime, makes any sense. It is obvious that none of the quoted experts ever engineered anything. I personally know the engineers who invented power plant pollution systems, made them work. One runs a dude ranch in the south west. Virtually all of them left engin ... view full comment

11/27/2008 - 2:49pm EDT |

Nutmegg,

- "Climate change" was the term invented by those who wanted to downplay the impact of global warming.

- Change is good if it's a change for the better. This is not going to be, because life on Earth is adapted to the way things are, and adapts to change over a long timescale - which generally means thousands and millions of years, not 150 years.

- How do you think the economy would respond to a breakdown of the environment? Actually, the most serious impact of global warming is likely to be the acceleration of wipe-out of biodiversity, leading to reduction of production of new medicines (just to pick the most commercially urgent implications), since these are mostly developed from ob ... view full comment

11/27/2008 - 2:51pm EDT |

I suppose what bugs me about CO2 as a greenhouse gas, is that it's a phonon-pumped lasing medium. By rights, when not in a lasing cavity, it should be converting kinetic energy (heat) into random direction IR photons on a frequency that the atmosphere has very little resistance in.

Geometrically, it should be a heatsink, not a heat trap, so how is it acting as a greenhouse gas? What's the mechanism?

11/27/2008 - 4:04pm EDT |

The article overlooks the actual conditions that will occur should the proposed green (mandatory % of power produced from renewable sources) legislation be passed or further pursued by individual states.

I am and many of my neighbors in rural MD, are under a constant barage by wind turbine developers to place wind turbines on every available spot in the area. The turbines proposed are giant structures. These turbines have very little output (3 MW 30% of the timefor their size ,475 feet high)and compare very unfavorably by a ratio of 5 to 10 to 1 in cost to a gas turbine natural gas fueled power plant which would take up to 1/100 th or less of the space and not have to be located on a ridge. ... view full comment

11/27/2008 - 4:04pm EDT |

A cap-and-trade is an alternative currency system because dollars-and-cents has can't be controled by the regulatory class. Its a new money, a new currency, created and issued an economic necessary input. Not enough to save the world, if you listen to the doomsters, but then the plan was always to have some scream loud enough that a new regulatory system becomes the acceptable compromise.

11/27/2008 - 5:07pm EDT |

Legislation proponents should predict publicly, exact temperature,sea level and/or ice depth changes to prove that the computer models actually work.
All I see are ominous threats about the end of civilization not dates and facts showing the models work. The Vostok ice core data initially had a large erroneous assumption that needed correction. If it will take a few years to impliment legislation there is plenty of time to show predictions work.

11/27/2008 - 7:39pm EDT |

Ignorance on climate science, ignorance on how much spending ones way out of recession and ignorance of the how taxing the productive economy makes it ignorance cubed. That's like zero cubed. Still the same - zero.

There is no climate crisis caused by humans.
There is not enough government money in the universe to "jump start" an economy without even worse economic consequences
There is no way to continually increase taxes without creating a vast depression.

Those on the Left that can still buy food after cap-and-trade and all the other misguided initiatives will remember the Bush years as "the good ole times."

11/27/2008 - 10:16pm EDT |

Carbon Tax is just another scam by those 539 criminals in Washington along with their lap dogs in the media.

11/27/2008 - 10:18pm EDT |

When are we going to stop this nonsense? AGW is junk science at best. At it's worse it is a massive fraud predicated on global redistribution ow wealth.

Let's keep it scientific then: Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW) is a theory (hypothesis). It is an unproven theory. What you do with theories is put them to the test with scientific observations. Let's see what data points we now have:

1) Average annual temperatures have not surpassed 1998 (NOAA) (University of Alabama)

2) Average annual temperatures are now trending downward since 1998 (NOAA) (University of Alabama)

3) Ocean temperatures have not risen since 2000 when the 3000 Argo buoys were launched. The buoys even s ... view full comment

11/27/2008 - 10:24pm EDT |

And apparently we are to assume that Keynesian economics has not been utterly discredited by the current crises...

11/27/2008 - 10:44pm EDT |

It would be irresponsible for the government to build any new energy or environmental policy around climate change theory.

At best it is unproven and highly disputed in the scientific community, and challenge after challenge has shown that questionable methods and scientific invalid temperature measurements have been employed to demonstrate its existence.

The more empirical scientific studies of climate change all show that the sun is the more likely culprit in causing temperature change, which si only logical.

11/27/2008 - 10:51pm EDT |

Gore's hockey stick graph was wrong. The "researchers" cooked the books to get results they were told to prove. CO2 does not cause global warming. The polar bears are fine, Gore's picture was a fraud. The Maldives aren't sinking.
Alternative energy sources need to be developed because oil isn't going to last forever. However, it is neither necessary nor desirable that government achieve that goal by supporting and promulgating lies. Imposing cap & trade rules will bankrupt the coal industry and the proposed EPA regulations on CO2 emissions from BUILDINGS, will further cripple our industry.

11/27/2008 - 11:28pm EDT |

Since even most scientists now admit that we will have 20 years plus of cooling before man-made warming starts again, why add the burden to the taxpayer (who sill pay the tax, not the company). There are also thousands of scientists that say GW is not cuased by man at all, just solar activity and pacific decadal currents. So we won't be saving anything anyway. But if we are going to have a carbon tax I hope it includes the paper producing and printing industry too. Once the cost of a newpaper reaches $2 and magazines $10 a copy, it will put most of them out of business, and we will get our info from the internet. Any actually curious 'jounalist' can find credible reason to question the cap & ... view full comment

11/28/2008 - 12:35am EDT |

Don't know 'bout you but it has been unusually cold in Kansas. It wasn't even very hot in August like it always is. I am thinking now that we might be going into some kind of global cooling which dosen't seem like too much fun. I don't think we little humans can control the climate. Seems to have a mind of its own..............And all I need is to have to pay more for gas, propane, electricity or whatever else they can conjure up to steal my money for............

11/28/2008 - 2:46am EDT |

Are we still that sure that "global warming" is human caused? How many times has the earth warmed and cooled over the ages, with or without human involvement. Greenland was named Greenland for a reason. And it was not that long ago that Greenland was green. I don't think more government will alter the global warming and cooling cycles.

11/28/2008 - 7:33am EDT |

a. Global warming is a hoax. Stop drinking the kool aid.

b. New taxes will push us from a recession into a depression.

Taxes and govt spending are not the answer for everything and generally hurt more than they help.

11/30/2008 - 12:04pm EDT |

Not all of the world's economy will be destroyed because of this myth. Neither China or India have fallen for it so they will end up as the major economic powers if we head down this path to self destruction. Mark my words, within 20 years the believers in global warming will be regarded like those who thought we were headed for an ice age.

12/04/2008 - 6:10am EDT |

100% correct, these people are insane, evil or both.

MMGW is a cult like theory and the anti-freedom solutions override reason.

12/04/2008 - 6:15am EDT |

That's a good point, worse is the doublethink of the crisis being caused by "too much" consumption while complaining about "savings rates" on the one hand then the official policy suggestion is "bottom up stimulus". We now live in a world where the leadership can't complete a paragraph in a logical way. It's Orwellian.

12/05/2008 - 9:39am EDT |

10,000 years ago, the ice sheet covered the northern 1/3 of the United States. It was not man made changes that melted it, but natural cyclic conditions. The next ice age is on it's way, and global warming by man will not delay or change it arrival.

12/05/2008 - 6:29pm EDT |

I don't want to argue with anyone, as I'm too tired. But I do have two things to offer, first I want to say this to Mike: the atmosphere is not massive. If you think about the earth as a croquet ball with a little dew on it, you'd be right. The distance between the top of the atmosphere and the bottom of the Marianas trench, is about eight miles. All life on this earth must live in this zone. Take the earth's volume in cubic miles, 4*(pi)*(3960 miles radius)^3 (radius cubed) all divided by 3, whatever that is, and subtract this from a sphere with a radius four or five miles larger (3964-5) and you'll find out that the volume of the atmosphere and the oceans just seems massive 'cause we' ... view full comment

12/05/2008 - 6:45pm EDT |

Fred from citrus ... Greenland WAS named Greenland for a reason, a propagandist one. Viking chiefs named it "Greenland" (or whatever the heck that is in viking tongue) to get more vikings to settle there and expand the viking empire, though it was a frozen, forbidding place then, too. Like our modern "Clean Skies Initiative", or "Your call is very important to us"...it was a deliberate lie for effect.

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